A member of the Communist Party of China with a postgraduate degree, Cheng Aiguo joined the National Peking Opera Company in 2005, where he has served as deputy head of the Performance and Marketing Management Center (formerly the Business Department), deputy head of the Art Development Center, and Director of the Art Development Center (National Folk Orchestra) of the NPOC. Since April 2023, he has also served as Head of the Young Troupe of NPOC. 

He currently serves as Deputy Director of the National Ballet of China.